Finance calculators

Loans, valuations, business ratios and growth metrics: the maths behind money decisions.

Finance

Loans, savings, investing and everyday money maths. Every rate, term and price is an input you control, so nothing here is tied to a particular year’s figures.

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Loan payment & amortisationRepayment on a fixed-rate amortised loan, with a year-by-year schedule.Mortgage repaymentFull monthly housing cost: principal, interest, rates, insurance and strata.Compound interestGrowth of a lump sum plus regular contributions.Simple interestInterest charged on the original principal only.Savings goalWhat you must put away each month to hit a target.Present & future valueWhat a future sum is worth today, and vice versa.Annuity / drawdown payoutHow much a pot pays out each month until it runs dry.Retirement projectionBalance at retirement and how long it lasts.Car loanRepayment after deposit, trade-in and on-road costs.Credit card payoffHow long a balance takes to clear at a fixed payment.APR to effective rate (APY)Converts a nominal rate into the true annual yield.Inflation & purchasing powerWhat money is worth after years of price rises.Return on investmentTotal and annualised return on an investment.CAGR (compound annual growth rate)The smooth yearly rate that links a start and end value.NPV & IRRDiscounted value of a project, and the rate that makes it break even.Rule of 72Quick mental estimate of doubling time.Salary & hourly rate converterMoves between hourly, weekly, monthly and annual pay.Tip & bill splitTip amount and what each person owes.Discount & sale pricePrice after one or two discounts, and what you save.Sales tax / GST / VATAdds tax to a net price, or strips it out of a gross one.Margin & markupTurns cost and price into margin, markup and profit.Break-even pointUnits and revenue needed before a business turns a profit.Debt-to-income ratioThe ratio lenders use to size your borrowing.How much can I borrowMaximum loan a given repayment supports.Bond price & yieldPresent value of a bond’s coupons and face value.Average share cost & positionBlended entry price across several buys.Currency conversion with feesWhat you actually receive after spread and fixed fees.Depreciation (straight-line & declining)Annual depreciation expense and remaining book value under two common methods.Payback periodHow many years of cash flows it takes to recover an initial investment, plain and discounted.Liquidity ratios (current, quick & cash)Three views of whether current assets can cover current liabilities.Leverage & solvency ratiosHow much of a company is financed by debt, and how easily it covers interest.Working capital & turnoverThe cash cushion between current assets and current liabilities, and how hard it is working.Cash conversion cycleDays between paying for inventory and collecting cash from its sale.WACC (weighted average cost of capital)The blended return a company must earn to satisfy both lenders and shareholders.CAPM (cost of equity)The return shareholders should require, given the market risk a stock carries.Dividend discount model (Gordon growth)Values a stock as its dividends, discounted and growing forever.Dividend yield & payout ratioWhat a stock pays relative to its price, and how much of earnings that consumes.EBITDA & marginOperating profitability before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation.Enterprise valueThe theoretical takeover price of a company: equity plus debt, minus cash on hand.Stock valuation multiples (P/E, P/B, PEG)Common price ratios used to judge whether a stock is cheap or expensive.DuPont analysis (ROE breakdown)Splits return on equity into profitability, efficiency and leverage.Sharpe ratioReturn earned above the risk-free rate, per unit of volatility taken on.Perpetuity valuePresent value of a cash flow that continues forever, flat or growing.Balloon loan paymentRegular instalment on a loan amortised over a long schedule, plus the lump sum due early.Sustainable growth rateThe fastest a company can grow using only retained profit, no new borrowing or share issues.Graham numberBenjamin Graham’s quick estimate of a fair share price from earnings and book value.Bond yield to maturity (YTM)The return a bond earns if held to maturity, found by solving price for yield.Bond duration & convexityHow sensitive a bond’s price is to a change in yield, to first and second order.Yield to call (YTC)Approximate return on a callable bond if the issuer redeems it early.Cap rate (capitalisation rate)The unlevered return a rental property generates from its net operating income.Gross rent multiplier (GRM)A quick screen of property price against the rent it collects, before expenses.DSCR (debt service coverage ratio)Whether a property or business generates enough income to cover its debt payments.Asset turnover ratiosHow hard a company’s inventory, receivables and total assets are working to generate revenue.Free cash flow & yieldCash a business generates after the capital spending needed to keep running.Rent or buy comparisonNet cost of renting versus buying a home over the years you plan to stay.Car lease payment (money factor)Monthly lease payment from depreciation and finance charges.Real interest rate (Fisher equation)What an interest rate is worth once expected inflation is stripped out.PVGO (present value of growth opportunities)How much of a stock’s price reflects expected future growth, versus current earnings alone.Growing annuity present valuePresent value of a stream of payments that increases by a fixed rate each period.Degree of operating leverage (DOL)How much operating profit swings for a given swing in sales, given a company’s fixed cost base.Revenue valuation multiples (EV/Sales & P/S)Prices a company against its revenue, useful when earnings are thin or negative.Debt-to-capital ratioWhat share of a company’s permanent funding comes from debt rather than equity.Interest-only mortgageThe interest-only payment, and what it jumps to once principal repayments begin.Biweekly mortgage paymentTime and interest saved by paying half the monthly payment every two weeks instead.Credit utilization ratioHow much of your available credit is in use, per card and overall.Bond equivalent yieldConverts a discount instrument price into an annualised coupon-style yield.Taxable equivalent yieldThe taxable yield needed to match a tax-free bond after tax.Insurance combined ratioWhether premiums collected cover claims and the cost of writing policies.Balance transfer savingsWhether moving a balance to a promo-rate card actually saves money.Blended interest rateThe single weighted rate that several loans are effectively costing.Sortino ratioRisk-adjusted return that only penalises downside volatility.Maximum drawdownThe worst peak-to-trough decline across a series of portfolio values.Modified internal rate of return (MIRR)A more realistic IRR that uses separate finance and reinvestment rates.Debt snowball vs avalancheCompares paying off smallest balances first against paying off highest rates first.Net effective rentThe real average rent after free months, allowances and operating costs.Days cash on handHow many days a business could cover its operating costs from cash reserves.Weighted average shares outstandingTime-weighted share count used as the denominator for EPS.Buyback impact on EPSHow a share repurchase changes earnings per share, all else equal.Annuity due vs ordinary annuityHow payment timing (start vs end of period) changes an annuity’s value.Economic value added (EVA)Profit left over after paying for the capital used to generate it.Altman Z-ScoreBankruptcy-risk score for a company from five balance-sheet and income ratios.Black-Scholes option priceTheoretical price of a European call and put option.Treynor ratioReturn earned above the risk-free rate, per unit of market (beta) risk taken.EV/EBITDA multiplePrices a company against its cash operating profit, independent of capital structure.Mortgage refinance breakevenHow many months of lower payments it takes to recoup the cost of refinancing.Deferred annuity present valueWhat a stream of future payments is worth today if it does not start for several years.Futures fair value (cost of carry)Theoretical futures price implied by the spot price, financing rate and yield.Mortgage points breakevenWhether paying upfront points for a lower rate pays off before you sell or refinance.Additional funds needed (AFN)External financing a growing business needs beyond what retained earnings cover.Accrual ratioEarnings-quality check comparing the change in net operating assets to their average.Cash flow coverage ratiosWhether operating cash flow covers current liabilities and total debt.High-low methodSplits a mixed cost into fixed and variable parts from its highest and lowest activity levels.Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)Order size that minimises combined ordering and holding costs for inventory.Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)Market concentration measured from the sum of squared market shares of each firm.Cobb-Douglas Production FunctionTotal output from labour and capital inputs given their productivity and output elasticities.Covered Interest Rate ParityNo-arbitrage forward exchange rate implied by the interest rate gap between two currencies.Put-call parityChecks or solves the no-arbitrage relationship between a call, a put and the underlying.Optimal hedge ratioShare of a spot position to cover with futures to minimise portfolio variance.Implied forward rateThe interest rate implied for a future period by two spot rates of different maturities.Credit spread (bond)The extra yield a corporate bond pays over a government bond of the same maturity.Jensen's alphaRisk-adjusted return a portfolio earned above what CAPM predicted.Information ratioExcess return over a benchmark per unit of tracking-error risk taken.Profitability indexValue created per dollar invested, for ranking or screening projects.Sinking fund paymentThe regular deposit needed to reach a target sum by a future date.Holding period returnTotal return from an investment, combining price change and income received.Actual cash value (ACV)What an insurer would pay for an item today, after wear and depreciation.ADR & RevPAR (hotel revenue)Average daily rate and revenue per available room for a lodging property.Bank reconciliationReconciles your cash book balance against the bank statement balance.Customer acquisition cost (CAC)What it costs, on average, to win one new customer, and how fast that cost is repaid.Customer churn & retention rateShare of customers lost over a period, and the flip side: how many you kept.GMROI (gross margin return on investment)How many dollars of gross profit each dollar tied up in inventory returns.Direct material price varianceWhether materials cost more or less than the standard (budgeted) rate.ARM (adjustable-rate) mortgagePayment during the fixed period, and the worst-case payment once the rate can adjust.Bond current yieldThe income return a bond offers at its present market price, ignoring capital gain or loss.Return on capital employed (ROCE)Operating profit generated per dollar of capital tied up in the business.Operating marginWhat share of revenue is left as operating profit, after cost of sales and running costs.SaaS customer lifetime value (LTV)What an average subscriber is worth over their time, weighed against acquisition cost.

Growth

Growth rates for revenue, users and any other metric that moves period to period: YoY, MoM, QoQ and beyond, each with its own dedicated page.

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Year-over-year (YoY) growthGrowth between this period and the same period a year ago.Month-over-month (MoM) growthGrowth between this month and last month, with the annualised equivalent.Quarter-over-quarter (QoQ) growthGrowth between this quarter and the previous quarter, with the annualised equivalent.Week-over-week (WoW) growthGrowth between this week and last week, with the annualised equivalent.Day-over-day (DoD) growthGrowth between today and yesterday, with the annualised equivalent.Period-over-period (PoP) growthGrowth between any two comparable periods you define, with a custom annualising cadence.Compound monthly growth rate (CMGR)The smooth monthly rate that links a start and end value over several months.Annualised run rateExtrapolates a single period of revenue to a full-year figure.Rule of 40Checks whether growth rate plus profit margin clears the 40% SaaS health benchmark.User & customer growth rateNet growth rate for a user base once new signups and churned users are both counted.Revenue growth & target plannerGrowth achieved between two periods, and the revenue needed next period to hit a target rate.